Learn how to use @scope to select elements only within a limited subtree of your DOM.
 Bramus [X](https://twitter.com/bramus) [GitHub](https://github.com/bramus) [Mastodon](https://front-end.social/@bramus) [Bluesky](https://bsky.app/profile/bram.us) [Homepage](https://www.bram.us/)
Published: October 4, 2023
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/At-rules/@scope)
When writing selectors you may find yourself torn between two worlds. On the one hand you want to be pretty specific about which elements you select. On the other hand, you want your selectors to remain easy to override and not be tightly coupled to the DOM structure.
For example, when you want to select "the hero image in the content area of the card component"--which is a rather specific element selection--you most likely don't want to write a selector like `.card > .content > img.hero`.
- This selector has a pretty high [specificity](https://web.dev/learn/css/specificity) of `(0,3,1)` which makes it hard to override as your code grows.
- By relying on the direct child combinator it is tightly coupled to the DOM structure. Should the markup ever change, you need to change your CSS as well.
But, you also don't want to write just `img` as the selector for that element, as that would select all image elements across your page.
Finding the right balance in this is often quite the challenge. Over the years, some developers have come up with solutions and workarounds to help you out in situations like these. For example:
- Methodologies such as BEM dictate that you give that element a class of `card__img card__img--hero` to keep the specificity low while allowing you to be specific in what you select.
- JavaScript-based solutions such as [Scoped CSS](https://vue-loader.vuejs.org/guide/scoped-css.html) or [Styled Components](https://styled-components.com/) rewrite all your selectors by adding randomly generated strings--such as `sc-596d7e0e-4`--to your selectors to prevent them from targeting elements at the other side of your page.
- Some libraries even abolish selectors altogether and require you to put the styling triggers directly in the markup itself.
But what if you didn't need any of those? What if CSS gave you a way to be both pretty specific about which elements you select, without requiring you to write selectors of high specificity or ones that are tightly coupled to your DOM? Well, that's where `@scope` comes into play, offering you a way to select elements only within a subtree of your DOM.
## Introducing @scope
With `@scope` you can limit the reach of your selectors. You do this by setting the *scoping root* which determines the upper boundary of the subtree you want to target. With a scoping root set, the contained style rules --named *scoped style rules*-- can only select from that limited subtree of the DOM.
For example, to target only the `` elements in the `.card` component, you set `.card` as the scoping root of the `@scope` at-rule.
```css
@scope (.card) {
img {
border-color: green;
}
}
```
The scoped style rule `img { ... }` can effectively only select `` elements that are [in scope](https://drafts.csswg.org/css-cascade-6/#in-scope) of the matched `.card` element.
To prevent the `` elements inside the card's content area (`.card__content`) from being selected you could make the `img` selector more specific. Another way to do this is to use the fact that the `@scope` at-rule also accepts a *scoping limit* which determines the lower boundary.
```css
@scope (.card) to (.card__content) {
img {
border-color: green;
}
}
```
This scoped style rule only targets `` elements that are placed between `.card` and `.card__content` elements in the ancestor tree. This type of scoping--with an upper and lower boundary--is often referred to as a *donut scope*
## The `:scope` selector
By default, all scoped style rules are relative to the scoping root. It is also possible to target the scoping root element itself. For this, use the `:scope` selector.
```css
@scope (.card) {
:scope {
/* Selects the matched .card itself */
}
img {
/* Selects img elements that are a child of .card */
}
}
```
Selectors inside scoped style rules implicitly get `:scope` prepended. If you
want, you can be explicit about it, by prepending `:scope` yourself.
Alternatively you can prepend the `&` selector, from
[CSS Nesting](https://developer.chrome.com/articles/css-nesting).
```css
@scope (.card) {
img {
/* Selects img elements that are a child of .card */
}
:scope img {
/* Also selects img elements that are a child of .card */
}
& img {
/* Also selects img elements that are a child of .card */
}
}
```
A scoping limit can use the `:scope` pseudo-class to require a specific
relationship to the scoping root:
```css
/* .content is only a limit when it is a direct child of the :scope */
@scope (.media-object) to (:scope > .content) { ... }
```
A scoping limit can also reference elements outside their scoping root by
using `:scope`. For example:
```css
/* .content is only a limit when the :scope is inside .sidebar */
@scope (.media-object) to (.sidebar :scope .content) { ... }
```
The scoped style rules themselves can't escape the subtree. Selections like `:scope + p` are invalid because that tries to select elements that are not in scope.
## `@scope` and specificity
The selectors that you use in the prelude for `@scope` do not affect the specificity of the contained selectors. In our example, the specificity of the `img` selector still is `(0,0,1)`.
```css
@scope (#sidebar) {
img { /* Specificity = (0,0,1) */
...
}
}
```
The specificity of `:scope` is that of a regular pseudo-class, namely `(0,1,0)`.
```css
@scope (#sidebar) {
:scope img { /* Specificity = (0,1,0) + (0,0,1) = (0,1,1) */
...
}
}
```
In the following example, internally, the `&` gets rewritten to the selector that is used for the scoping root, wrapped inside an `:is()` selector. In the end, the browser will use `:is(#sidebar, .card) img` as the selector to do the matching. This process is known as *[desugaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_sugar)*.
```css
@scope (#sidebar, .card) {
& img { /* desugars to `:is(#sidebar, .card) img` */
...
}
}
```
Because `&` gets desugared using `:is()`, the specificity of `&` is calculated following [the `:is()` specificity rules](https://brm.us/css-is#specificity): the specificity of `&` is that of its most specific argument.
Applied to this example, the specificity of `:is(#sidebar, .card)` is that of its most specific argument, namely `#sidebar`, and therefore becomes `(1,0,0)`. Combine that with the specificity of `img`--which is `(0,0,1)`--and you end up with `(1,0,1)` as the specificity for the entire complex selector.
```css
@scope (#sidebar, .card) {
& img { /* Specificity = (1,0,0) + (0,0,1) = (1,0,1) */
...
}
}
```
## The difference between `:scope` and `&` inside `@scope`
Besides differences in how specificity gets calculated, another difference between `:scope` and `&` is that `:scope` represents the matched scoping root, whereas `&` represents the selector used to match the scoping root.
Because of this, it is possible to use `&` multiple times. This is in contrast to `:scope` which you can use only once, as you can't match a scoping root inside a scoping root.
```css
@scope (.card) {
& & { /* Selects a `.card` in the matched root .card */
}
:scope :scope { /* ❌ Does not work */
...
}
}
```
## Prelude-less scope
When writing inline styles with the `
Card Title
```
In the example above, the scoped rules only target elements inside the `div` with the class name `card__header`, because that `div` is the `
```
When viewing that little bit of markup, the third link will be `white` instead of `black`, even though it's a child of a `div` with the class `.light` applied to it. This is due to the order of appearance criterion which the cascade uses here to determine the winner. It sees that `.dark a` was declared last, so it'll win from the `.light a` rule
With the scoping proximity criterion this is now solved:
```css
@scope (.light) {
:scope { background: #ccc; }
a { color: black;}
}
@scope (.dark) {
:scope { background: #333; }
a { color: white; }
}
```
Because both scoped `a` selectors have the same specificity, the scoping proximity criterion kicks into action. It weighs both selectors by proximity to their scoping root. For that third `a` element, it is only one hop to the `.light` scoping root but two to the `.dark` one. Therefore, the `a` selector in `.light` will win.
## Selector isolation, not style isolation
Know that `@scope` limits the reach of the selectors. It doesn't offer style
isolation. Properties that inherit down to children still inherit, beyond the
lower bound of the `@scope`. One such property is the `color` one. When
declaring that one inside of a donut scope, the `color` still inherits down to
children inside the hole of the donut.
```css
@scope (.card) to (.card__content) {
:scope {
color: hotpink;
}
}
```
In the example, the `.card__content` element and its children have a
`hotpink` color because they inherit the value from `.card`.