*This document is part of the [high-definition CSS color guide](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/high-definition-css-color-guide).*
[CSS Color 4](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/) outlines a bunch of new
features and tools for CSS and color. The following Codepen shows all the new
and old color syntaxes together:
Read the [recap of classic color spaces](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/high-definition-css-color-guide#classic-color-spaces).
The [level 4](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/) specification introduced 12
new color spaces for looking up colors, up from the 7 new gamuts shared previously:
- [sRGB Linear](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#linear-srgb)
- [LCH](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#lch)
- [okLCH](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#oklch)
- [LAB](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#lab)
- [okLAB](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#oklab)
- [Display p3](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#display_p3)
- [Rec2020](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#rec2020)
- [a98 RGB](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#a98-rgb)
- [ProPhoto RGB](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#prophoto_rgb)
- [XYZ](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#xyz-xyz-d50-xyz-d65)
- [XYZ d50](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#xyz-xyz-d50-xyz-d65)
- [XYZ d65](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#xyz-xyz-d50-xyz-d65)
### Meet the new web color spaces
The following color spaces offer access to larger gamuts than sRGB. The
display-p3 color space offers almost twice as many colors as RGB, while Rec2020
offers almost twice as many as display-p3. **That's a lot of colors!**
#### The `color()` function
Browser Support
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- ' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%239059ff' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%238c4ff3' stop-opacity='.1'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.8' stop-color='%237716a8' stop-opacity='.5'/%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%236e008b' stop-opacity='.6'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-g' cx='239.1' cy='34.6' r='171.6' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23ffe226'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23ffdb27'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23ffc82a'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ffa930'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23ff7e37'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.8' stop-color='%23ff7139'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-h' cx='374' cy='-74.3' r='732.2' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff5634'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.9' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-i' cx='304.6' cy='7.1' r='536.4' gradientTransform='rotate(84 303 4)' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23ffe847'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23ffc830'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.4' stop-color='%23ff8b16'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff672a'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-j' cx='235' cy='98.1' r='457.1' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff5634'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.9' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='ff-k' cx='355.7' cy='124.9' r='500.3' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23ffe141'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ffaf1e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='ff-a' x1='446.9' y1='76.8' x2='47.9' y2='461.8' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23fff44f'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.1' stop-color='%23ffe847'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23ffc830'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.4' stop-color='%23ff980e'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.4' stop-color='%23ff8b16'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff672a'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23ff3647'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.7' stop-color='%23e31587'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3ClinearGradient id='ff-l' x1='442.1' y1='74.8' x2='102.6' y2='414.3' gradientUnits='userSpaceOnUse'%3E%3Cstop offset='.2' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.8'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.3' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.6'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.5' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.2'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60a249 249 0 0 1 25 73c-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134a120 120 0 0 0-66 25 71 71 0 0 0-6-5 111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 44-9-12-9-52-8-60l-8 4a175 175 0 0 0-24 21 210 210 0 0 0-22 26 203 203 0 0 0-32 73l-1 2-2 15a229 229 0 0 0-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121zM202 355l3 1-3-1zm55-145zm198-31z' fill='url(%23ff-a)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60 14 26 22 53 25 72v1a207 207 0 0 1-206 279c-113-3-212-87-231-197-3-17 0-26 2-40-2 11-3 14-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121z' fill='url(%23ff-b)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60 14 26 22 53 25 72v1a207 207 0 0 1-206 279c-113-3-212-87-231-197-3-17 0-26 2-40-2 11-3 14-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121z' fill='url(%23ff-c)'/%3E%3Cpath 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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/color)
The new
[`color()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/color)
function can be used for any color space that specifies colors with R, G and B
channels. `color()` takes a color space parameter first, then a series of
channel values for RGB and optionally some alpha.
You'll find many of the new color spaces use this function because having
specialized functions like `rgb`, `srgb`, `hsl`, `hwb`, etc, was growing to a
long list, easier to have the colorspace be a parameter.
**Pros**
- A normalized space for accessing color spaces that use RGB channels.
- Can scale up to any wide gamut RGB based color space.
**Cons**
- Doesn't work with HSL, HWB, LCH, okLCH, or okLAB
.valid-css-color-function-colors {
--srgb: color(srgb 1 1 1);
--srgb-linear: color(srgb-linear 100% 100% 100% / 50%);
--display-p3: color(display-p3 1 1 1);
--rec2020: color(rec2020 0 0 0);
--a98-rgb: color(a98-rgb 1 1 1 / 25%);
--prophoto: color(prophoto-rgb 0% 0% 0%);
--xyz: color(xyz 1 1 1);
}
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** Colors can be in the `sRGB Gamut`, `Display P3 Gamut`, or `Rec2020 Gamut`; Up to 77.6% of the visible spectrum.
#### sRGB via color()
This colorspace offers the same features as `rgb()`. It does additionally offer
decimals between 0 and 1, used exactly like 0% to 100%.
**Pros**
- Nearly all displays support the range of this color space.
- Design tool support.
**Cons**
- Not perceptually linear (like [`lch()`](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#lch) is)
- No wide gamut colors.
- Gradients often go through a [dead zone](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#specifying_more_gradient_stops_to_avoid_the_dead_zone).
.valid-css-srgb-colors {
--percents: color(srgb 34% 58% 73%);
--decimals: color(srgb .34 .58 .73);
--percents-with-opacity: color(srgb 34% 58% 73% / 50%);
--decimals-with-opacity: color(srgb .34 .58 .73 / .5);
/* empty */
--empty-channels-black: color(srgb none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(srgb);
}
#### Linear sRGB via color() {#linear-srgb}
This linear alternative to RGB offers predictable channel intensity.
**Pros**
- Direct access to RGB channels, handy for things like game engines or light shows.
**Cons**
- Not perceptually linear.
- Black and white are packed at the edges.
.valid-css-srgb-linear-colors {
--percents: color(srgb-linear 34% 58% 73%);
--decimals: color(srgb-linear .34 .58 .73);
--percents-with-opacity: color(srgb-linear 34% 58% 73% / 50%);
--decimals-with-opacity: color(srgb-linear .34 .58 .73 / .5);
/* empty */
--empty-channels-black: color(srgb-linear none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(srgb-linear);
}
[Gradients](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#gradients_in_different_color_spaces) are discussed in detail later,
but quickly it's meaningful to see a `srgb` and `linear-srgb` black to white
gradient to illustrate their differences:
#### LCH
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/lch)
LCH introduces syntax to access colors outside the RGB gamut. It's also
the first to make it very easy to create out-of-gamut
color for a display. This is because any [CIE space colors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space)
(lch, oklch, lab, oklab) can represent the
**entire human visible color spectrum**.
[This colorspace is modeled after human vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_chromaticity_diagram) and offers
syntax to specify any of those colors and more. The LCH channels are lightness,
chroma and hue. Hue being an angle, like in HSL and HWB. Lightness is a value
between 0 and 100. It's a special "perceptually linear," human-centric
lightness. Chroma is similar to saturation; it can range from 0 to 230, but is
technically unbounded.
**Pros**
- Predictable color manipulation thanks to being perceptually linear, mostly (see [oklch](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#oklch)).
- Uses familiar channels.
- Often has vibrant gradients.
**Cons**
- Easy to go out of gamut.
- On rare occasions the gradient may need an adjustment middle point to prevent hue shift.
.valid-css-lch-colors {
--percent-and-degrees: lch(58% 32 241deg);
--just-the-degrees: lch(58 32 241deg);
--minimal: lch(58 32 241);
--percent-opacity: lch(58% 32 241 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: lch(58% 32 241 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-white: lch(100 none none);
--empty-channels-black: lch(none none none);
}
> [!CAUTION]
> **Caution:** Chroma can allow authors to easily exceed a display's gamut. Be careful with high chroma `C` values.
#### LAB
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/lab)
Another color space made to access the CIE gamut, again with a perceptually
linear lightness (L) dimension. The A and B in LAB represent the unique axes of
human color vision: red-green, and blue-yellow. When A is given a positive value
it adds red, and adds green when it's below 0. When B is given a positive number
it adds yellow, where negative values are toward blue.
**Pros**
- Perceptually consistent gradients.
- High dynamic range.
**Cons**
- Potential for hue shift.
- Difficult to hand author or guess a color when reading values.
.valid-css-lab-colors {
--percent-and-degrees: lab(58% -16 -30);
--minimal: lab(58 -16 -30);
--percent-opacity: lab(58% -16 -30 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: lab(58% -16 -30 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-white: lab(100 none none);
--empty-channels-black: lab(none none none);
}
#### OKLCH
Browser Support
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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/oklch)
This color space is [corrective](https://bottosson.github.io/posts/oklab/) to
LCH. And like LCH, (L) continues to represent perceptually linear lightness, C
for chroma and the H for hue.
This space feels familiar if you've worked with
HSL or LCH. Pick an angle on the color wheel for H, choose a lightness or
darkness amount by adjusting L, but then we have chroma instead of saturation.
They're fairly identical except that adjustments to lightness and chroma tend to
come in pairs, or else it can be easy to ask for high chroma colors that go
outside of a target gamut.
**Pros**
- No surprises when working with blue and purple hues.
- Perceptually linear lightness.
- Uses familiar channels.
- High dynamic range.
- Has a modern [color picker](https://oklch.evilmartians.io) - by Evil Martians.
**Cons**
- Easy to go out of gamut.
- New and relatively unexplored.
- Few color pickers.
.valid-css-oklch-colors {
--percent-and-degrees: oklch(64% .1 233deg);
--just-the-degrees: oklch(64 .1 233deg);
--minimal: oklch(64 .1 233);
--percent-opacity: oklch(64% .1 233 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: oklch(64% .1 233 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-white: oklch(100 none none);
--empty-channels-black: oklch(none none none);
}
#### OKLAB
Browser Support
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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/oklab)
This space is [corrective](https://bottosson.github.io/posts/oklab/) to LAB.
It's claimed as a space optimized for image processing quality also, which for
us in CSS means gradients and color function manipulation quality.
**Pros**
- **Default space for animations and interpolations.**
- Perceptually linear lightness.
- No hue shift like LAB.
- Perceptually consistent gradients.
**Cons**
- New and relatively unexplored.
- Few color pickers.
.valid-css-oklab-colors {
--percent-and-degrees: oklab(64% -.1 -.1);
--minimal: oklab(64 -.1 -.1);
--percent-opacity: oklab(64% -.1 -.1 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: oklab(64% -.1 -.1 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-white: oklab(100 none none);
--empty-channels-black: oklab(none none none);
}
#### Display P3
Browser Support
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stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='.2'/%3E%3Cstop offset='.6' stop-color='%23fff44f' stop-opacity='0'/%3E%3C/linearGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60a249 249 0 0 1 25 73c-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134a120 120 0 0 0-66 25 71 71 0 0 0-6-5 111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 44-9-12-9-52-8-60l-8 4a175 175 0 0 0-24 21 210 210 0 0 0-22 26 203 203 0 0 0-32 73l-1 2-2 15a229 229 0 0 0-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121zM202 355l3 1-3-1zm55-145zm198-31z' fill='url(%23ff-a)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60 14 26 22 53 25 72v1a207 207 0 0 1-206 279c-113-3-212-87-231-197-3-17 0-26 2-40-2 11-3 14-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121z' fill='url(%23ff-b)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60 14 26 22 53 25 72v1a207 207 0 0 1-206 279c-113-3-212-87-231-197-3-17 0-26 2-40-2 11-3 14-4 34v1a240 240 0 0 0 477 40l1-9c5-41 0-84-15-121z' fill='url(%23ff-c)'/%3E%3Cpath d='m362 195 1 1a130 130 0 0 0-22-29C266 92 322 5 331 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134l9-1c45 0 84 25 105 62z' fill='url(%23ff-d)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M257 210c-1 6-22 26-29 26-68 0-80 41-80 41 3 35 28 64 57 79l4 2 7 3a107 107 0 0 0 31 6c120 6 143-143 57-186 22-4 45 5 58 14-21-37-60-62-105-62l-9 1a120 120 0 0 0-66 25l17 16c16 16 58 33 58 35z' fill='url(%23ff-e)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M257 210c-1 6-22 26-29 26-68 0-80 41-80 41 3 35 28 64 57 79l4 2 7 3a107 107 0 0 0 31 6c120 6 143-143 57-186 22-4 45 5 58 14-21-37-60-62-105-62l-9 1a120 120 0 0 0-66 25l17 16c16 16 58 33 58 35z' fill='url(%23ff-f)'/%3E%3Cpath d='m171 151 5 3a111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 44 1 0 36 0 54 11z' fill='url(%23ff-g)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M18 261a242 242 0 0 0 231 197 207 207 0 0 0 206-279c8 56-20 110-64 146-86 71-169 43-186 31l-3-1c-50-24-71-70-67-110-42 0-57-35-57-35s38-28 89-4c46 22 90 4 90 4 0-2-42-19-58-35l-17-16a71 71 0 0 0-6-5l-5-3c-18-11-52-11-54-11-9-12-9-51-8-60l-8 4a175 175 0 0 0-24 21 210 210 0 0 0-22 26 203 203 0 0 0-32 73c0 1-9 38-5 57z' fill='url(%23ff-h)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M341 167a130 130 0 0 1 22 29 46 46 0 0 1 4 3c55 50 26 121 24 126 44-36 72-90 64-146-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-9 5-65 92 10 167z' fill='url(%23ff-i)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M367 199a46 46 0 0 0-4-3l-1-1c-13-9-36-18-58-15 86 44 63 193-57 187a107 107 0 0 1-31-6 131 131 0 0 1-11-5c17 12 99 39 186-31 2-5 31-76-24-126z' fill='url(%23ff-j)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M148 277s12-41 80-41c7 0 28-20 29-26s-44 18-90-4c-51-24-89 4-89 4s15 35 57 35c-4 40 16 85 67 110l3 1c-29-15-54-44-57-79z' fill='url(%23ff-k)'/%3E%3Cpath d='M479 166c-11-25-32-52-49-60a249 249 0 0 1 25 73c-27-68-73-95-111-155a255 255 0 0 1-8-14 44 44 0 0 1-4-9 1 1 0 0 0 0-1 1 1 0 0 0-1 0c-60 35-81 101-83 134l9-1c45 0 84 25 105 62-13-9-36-18-58-14 86 43 63 192-57 186a107 107 0 0 1-31-6 131 131 0 0 1-11-5l-3-1 3 1c-29-15-54-44-57-79 0 0 12-41 80-41 7 0 28-20 29-26 0-2-42-19-58-35l-17-16a71 71 0 0 0-6-5 111 111 0 0 1-1-58c-25 11-44 29-58 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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/color)
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** Colors are in the `Display P3 Gamut`; 45.5% of the visible spectrum.
The display P3 gamut and color space have become popular since Apple supported
them since 2015 on their iMac. Apple also supported display-p3 [in web pages via CSS since 2016](https://webkit.org/blog/6682/improving-color-on-the-web/), five
years ahead of any other browser. If coming from sRGB, this is a great color
space to begin working within as you move styles to a higher dynamic range.
**Pros**
- Great support, considered the baseline for HDR displays.
- 50% more colors than sRGB.
- DevTools offer a great color picker.
**Cons**
- Will eventually be surpassed by Rec2020 and CIE spaces.
.valid-css-display-p3-colors {
--percents: color(display-p3 34% 58% 73%);
--decimals: color(display-p3 .34 .58 .73);
--percent-opacity: color(display-p3 34% 58% 73% / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(display-p3 .34 .58 .73 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(display-p3 none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(display-p3);
}
#### Rec2020
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/color)
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** Colors are in the `Rec2020 Gamut`; 77.6% of the visible spectrum.
Rec2020 is part of the movement to UHDTV (ultra-high-definition television),
providing a wide range of colors for use in 4k and 8k media. Rec2020 is another
RGB based gamut, larger than display-p3, but not nearly as common amongst
consumers as Display P3.
**Pros**
- Ultra HD colors.
**Cons**
- Not as common among consumers (yet).
- Not commonly found in handhelds or tablets.
.valid-css-rec2020-colors {
--percents: color(rec2020 34% 58% 73%);
--decimals: color(rec2020 .34 .58 .73);
--percent-opacity: color(rec2020 34% 58% 73% / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(rec2020 .34 .58 .73 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(rec2020 none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(rec2020);
}
#### A98 RGB {#a98-rgb}
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/color)
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** Colors are in the `RGB 98 Gamut`; 52.1% of the visible spectrum.
Short for Adobe 1998 RGB, A98 RGB was created by Adobe to feature most of the
colors achievable from CMYK printers. It offers more colors than sRGB, notably
in the cyan and green hues.
**Pros**
- Larger than the sRGB and Display P3 color spaces.
**Cons**
- Not a common space worked within by digital designers.
- Not many folks are porting palettes from CMYK.
.valid-css-a98-rgb-colors {
--percents: color(a98-rgb 34% 58% 73%);
--decimals: color(a98-rgb .34 .58 .73);
--percent-opacity: color(a98-rgb 34% 58% 73% / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(a98-rgb .34 .58 .73 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(a98-rgb none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(a98-rgb);
}
#### ProPhoto RGB
Browser Support
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[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/color)
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** Colors are in the `ProPhoto Gamut`; 90% of the visible spectrum.
Created by Kodak, this wide gamut space uniquely offers ultra wide range primary
colors and features minimal [hue shifts](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#gradients_in_different_color_spaces)
when changing lightness. It also claims to cover 100% of
[real-world surface colors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_system)
as documented by Michael Pointer in 1980.
**Pros**
- Minimal hue shifts when changing lightness.
- Vibrant primary colors.
**Cons**
- Around 13% of its colors offered are [imaginary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_color), meaning they're not within the human visible spectrum.
.valid-css-prophoto-rgb-colors {
--percents: color(prophoto-rgb 34% 58% 73%);
--decimals: color(prophoto-rgb .34 .58 .73);
--percent-opacity: color(prophoto-rgb 34% 58% 73% / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(prophoto-rgb .34 .58 .73 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(prophoto-rgb none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(prophoto-rgb);
}
#### XYZ, XYZ-d50, XYZ-d65
Browser Support
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- ' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-color='%2324a5f3' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%231e8ceb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3CradialGradient id='s-j' cx='109.3' cy='13.8' r='93.1' gradientTransform='matrix(-.02 1.1 -1.04 -.02 137 -115)' xlink:href='%23s-b'%3E%3Cstop offset='0' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235488d6' stop-opacity='0' /%3E%3Cstop offset='1' stop-color='%235d96eb' /%3E%3C/radialGradient%3E%3C/defs%3E%3Crect width='220' height='220' x='22' y='-107' fill='url(%23s-a)' ry='49' transform='matrix(.57 0 0 .57 187 256)' /%3E%3Cg transform='translate(194 190)'%3E%3Ccircle cx='67.8' cy='67.7' fill='url(%23s-c)' paint-order='stroke fill markers' r='54' /%3E%3Ccircle cx='-69.9' cy='69.3' fill='url(%23s-i)' transform='translate(138 -2)' r='54' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cellipse cx='120' cy='14.2' fill='url(%23s-j)' rx='93.1' ry='93.7' transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .58 192 250)' /%3E%3Cg transform='matrix(.58 0 0 .57 197 182)'%3E%3Cpath fill='%23cac7c8' d='M46 192h1l72-48-7-9-66 57Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fbfffc' d='M46 191v1l66-57-7-9-59 65Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='url(%23s-d)' d='m119 144-7-9 66-57-59 66Z' /%3E%3Cpath fill='%23fb645c' d='m105 126 7 9 66-57-1-1-72 49Z' /%3E%3C/g%3E%3Cpath stroke='%23fff' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-miterlimit='1' stroke-width='1.3' d='m287 278 3-2m-12-17 8-2m-8-3h4m-4-13 8 2m-8 3h4m-1-13 7 3m-4-11 7 4m-2-11 6 6m0-12 6 7m1-11 4 6m4-10 3 7m5-9 2 7m15-7-1 7m10-5-3 7m11-4-4 7m11-2-5 6m16 7-7 4m10 4-7 3m10 6-8 1m8 16-8-2m5 10-7-3m4 11-7-4m2 11-6-5m0 11-5-6m-2 11-4-7m-4 11-3-8m-6 10-1-8m-16 8 2-8m-10 5 3-7m-11 4 4-7m-11 2 5-6m-8 3 3-3m4 8 2-3m5 8 2-4m6 7 1-4m8 5v-4m8 4v-4m9 3-1-4m9 1-2-4m9 0-2-4m9-2-3-3m8-4-3-2m8-5-4-2m7-6-4-1m5-8h-4m4-8h-4m3-9-4 1m1-9-4 2m-1-9-3 2m-2-9-3 3m-4-8-2 3m-5-8-2 4m-6-6-1 3m-8-5v4m-8-4v4m-9-2 1 3m-9 0 2 3m-9 1 2 3m-9 2 3 3m-8 4 3 2m-8 5 4 2m-7 6 4 1m-4 25 4-1m-2 5 7-3m-6 7 4-2m-2 6 7-4m-13-21h8m41-41v-8m0 99v-8m49-42h-8' transform='translate(-65 8)' /%3E%3C/svg%3E)
[Source](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/Reference/Values/color_value/color)
> [!NOTE]
> **Note:** Colors are in the `HVS Gamut`; 100% of the human visible spectrum (HVS).
The CIE XYZ color space encompasses all colors that are visible to a person with
average eyesight. This is why it is used as a standard reference for other color
spaces. Y is luminance, X and Z are possible chromas within the given Y
luminance.
The difference between d50 and d65 is the white point, where d50 uses the d50
white points and d65 uses the d65 white point.
Key-Term: **White point** is an attribute of a color space, it's where
true white exists within the space. For electronic screens, D65 is the most
common white point, and it's short for 6500 kelvin. It's important in color
conversion that white points match so color temperature (warmness or coolness)
aren't affected.
**Pros**
- Linear-light access has handy use cases.
- Great for physical color mixing.
**Cons**
- Not perceptually linear like lch, oklch, lab and oklab are.
.valid-css-xyz-colors {
--percents: color(xyz 22% 26% 53%);
--decimals: color(xyz .22 .26 .53);
--percent-opacity: color(xyz .22 .26 .53 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(xyz .22 .26 .53 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(xyz none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(xyz);
}
.valid-css-xyz-d50-colors {
--percents: color(xyz-d50 22% 26% 53%);
--decimals: color(xyz-d50 .22 .26 .53);
--percent-opacity: color(xyz-d50 .22 .26 .53 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(xyz-d50 .22 .26 .53 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(xyz-d50 none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(xyz-d50);
}
.valid-css-xyz-d65-colors {
--percents: color(xyz-d65 22% 26% 53%);
--decimals: color(xyz-d65 .22 .26 .53);
--percent-opacity: color(xyz-d65 .22 .26 .53 / 50%);
--decimal-opacity: color(xyz-d65 .22 .26 .53 / .5);
/* chromaless and hueless */
--empty-channels-black: color(xyz-d65 none none none);
--empty-channels-black2: color(xyz-d65);
}
#### Custom color spaces
[The CSS Color 5 specification](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-5) also has a
path for teaching the browser a [custom color space](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-5/#custom-color).
This is an [ICC profile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_profile) that tells the browser how
to resolve colors.
@color-profile --foo {
src: url(path/to/custom.icc);
}
Once loaded, access colors from this custom profile with the `color()` function
and specify the channel values for it.
.valid-css-color-from-a-custom-profile {
background: color(--foo 1 0 0);
}
### Color interpolation
Transitioning from one color to another is found in animation, gradients and
color mixing. This transition is typically specified as a starting color and an
ending color, where the browser is expected to interpolate between them.
Interpolate in this case means to generate a series of in-between colors to
create a smooth transition instead of an instant one.
With a gradient, the interpolation is a series of colors along a shape. With
animation it's a series of colors over time.
@keyframes bg {
0%, 100% {
background: orange;
}
25% {
background: magenta;
}
50% {
background: lime;
}
75% {
background: cyan;
}
}
.circle {
animation: bg 5s ease-in-out infinite;
}
With a gradient, the in-between colors are shown all at once:
#### What's new in color interpolation
With the addition of new gamuts and color spaces, there are new additional
options for interpolation. Transitioning a color `in hsl` from blue to white
results in something very different from sRGB.
.classic-gradient-in-srgb {
background: linear-gradient(to right, blue, white);
}
.new-gradient-in-hsl {
background: linear-gradient(in hsl to right, blue, white);
}
Then what happens if you transition from a color in one space to a color in a
completely different space:
.gradient {
/* oklab will be the common space */
background: linear-gradient(to right, lch(29.6 131 301), hsl(330 100% 50%));
}
.lch {
/* lch is specified */
background: linear-gradient(in lch to right, lch(29.6 131 301), hsl(330 100% 50%));
}
Luckily for you, the [Color 4](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#interpolation)
specification has instructions for the browsers on how to handle these cross
color space interpolations. For `.gradient`, browsers notice the differentiating
color spaces and use the default color space `oklab`.
You may think the browser would use lch as the color space, since that's the
first color, but it doesn't. That's why I show a second comparison gradient
`.lch`. The `.lch` gradient is a gradient from the lch color space.
##### Less banding thanks to 16-bit color
Before this color work, all colors were saved in **one 32-bit integer** to
represent all four channels; red, green, blue and alpha. This is 8-bits per
channel and 2\^ 24 possible colors (ignoring alpha). 2 \^ 24 = 16,777,216,
"millions of colors."
After this color work, **four 16-bit floating point values**, each channel has
its own float instead of being lumped together. This is 64-bits of data total,
resulting in many more than millions of colors.
This work is required to support HD color. This increases the amount of color
information that can be stored, which has a nice side effect of meaning there's
more colors for the browser to use in a gradient.
Gradient banding is when there aren't enough colors to create a smooth gradient
and "strips" of color become visible. Banding is heavily mitigated with the
upgrade to higher resolution color.
 Image [source](https://www.willgibbons.com/color-banding/)
#### Control interpolation
The shortest distance between two points is always a straight line. With color
interpolation, browsers take the short route by default. Consider a scenario
where there are two points in an HSL color cylinder. A gradient acquires its
color steps by traveling along the line between the two points.
linear-gradient(to right, #94e99c, #e06242)
 (mock demonstration)
Top-down view of an HSL cylinder with a line between the color stops
The above gradient line goes straight between the greenish color to the reddish
color, passing through the center of the color space. While the above is great
to help with initial understanding, it's not exactly what happens. Here is the
gradient in the following Codepen, and it's clearly not white in the middle like
the mock demonstration showed.
The middle area of the gradient has lost its vibrance though. This is because
the most vibrant colors are at the edge of the color space shape, not in the
center where the interpolation traveled near. This is commonly referred to as
the "[dead zone](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#specifying_more_gradient_stops_to_avoid_the_dead_zone)." There
are a few ways to fix or work around this.
##### Specifying more gradient stops to avoid the dead zone
A technique for avoiding the dead zone today is to add additional color stops in
the gradient that intentionally guide the interpolation to stay within the
vibrant ranges of a color space. It is literally a work around, as the
additional stops help it work around the dead zone.
There's a [gradient tool](https://www.learnui.design/tools/gradient-generator.html) created by [Erik Kennedy](https://twitter.com/erikdkennedy) that calculates additional color
stops for you, to help you avoid the dead zone even in color spaces that tend to
gravitate towards it. Using it, passing the same colors from the first example
but changing the color interpolation to HSL, it produces this:
linear-gradient(90deg, #94e99c, #99e789, #ace67d, #c4e472, #e2e366, #e2bf5a, #e1934e, #e06242);
 (mock demonstration)
Top down view of an HSL cylinder with a curved line featuring 9 color stops
With guided stop points, the interpolation is no longer a straight line, but
appears to curve around the dead zone, helping maintain saturation, resulting in
a much more vibrant gradient.
While the tool does a great job, what if you could have similar or greater
control right from CSS?
##### Directing the color interpolation
In Color 4, the ability to control the [hue interpolation](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#hue-interpolation) strategy
was added and is a new way around (:wink:) the dead zone. Think about a hue
angle and consider a 2 stop gradient that only changes the angle, going hue
shifting from `140deg` to `240deg` for example.
###### Shorter vs longer hue interpolation
The gradient defaults to take the
[`shorter`](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#hue-shorter) route it can unless
you specify for it to take the
[`longer`](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4/#hue-longer) route. Hue
interpolation options direct the angle rotation, like telling someone to turn
left instead of right (heh, Zoolander):
In the example of hue interpolation distances, the short path and
the long path are simulated to illustrate the difference. The short distance has
less hues between it because it's traveled through the least amount of distance
possible, where the long distance has traveled over more hues.
###### Increasing vs decreasing hue interpolation
There are two more hue interpolation strategies in [Color 4](https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-4), but they are exclusive for cylindrical
color spaces. Staying with the two colors from the previous examples, the visual
now shows how increasing and decreasing works.
The above Codepen used [ColorJS](https://colorjs.io/) to demonstrate the
expected result. The CSS you would write to achieve the same effect without a
Javascript library would be:
.longer-hue-interpolation-in-css {
background: linear-gradient(
to right in hsl longer hue,
hsl(180deg 100% 75%),
hsl(240deg 100% 75%)
);
}
.decreasing-hue-interpolation-in-css {
background: linear-gradient(
to right in hsl decreasing hue,
hsl(180deg 100% 75%),
hsl(240deg 100% 75%)
);
}
To close out hue interpolation, here's a fun playground where you can change the
hue between 2 color stops and see the effects of a hue interpolation choice as
well as how color spaces change gradient results. The effects can be very
different; consider this as four new tricks just went into your color toolbelt.
#### Gradients in different color spaces
Each color space, given its unique shape and color arrangement, results in a
different gradient. In the following examples, look at how each color space
handles that differently, especially at blue to white. Notice how many
become purple in the middle; that's called a hue shift during interpolation.
Some gradients in these spaces are more vibrant than others or travel less
through [dead zones](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#specifying_more_gradient_stops_to_avoid_the_dead_zone).
Spaces like `lab` pack colors together in a way optimized for saturation, as
opposed to spaces optimized for humans to write color in like [`hwb()`](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/access-colors-spaces#hwb).
.hwb {
background: linear-gradient(to right, hwb(250 10% 10%), hwb(150 10% 10%));
}
.lab {
background: linear-gradient(to right, lab(30 59.4 -96), lab(80 -64 36.2));
}
The above demo, while subtle in the results, does show more consistent
interpolation with lab. The syntax of lab isn't simple to read though, there's
negative numbers that are very unfamiliar when coming from rgb or hsl. Good
news, we can use hwb for a familiar syntax but ask for the gradient to be
interpolated entirely within another color space, like oklab.
.hwb {
background: linear-gradient(in hwb to right, hwb(250 10% 10%), hwb(150 10% 10%));
}
.lab {
background: linear-gradient(in oklab to right, hwb(250 10% 10%), hwb(150 10% 10%));
}
This example uses the same colors in hwb but specifies the color space for
interpolation to either hwb or oklab. `hwb` is a great colorspace for high
vibrance but possible dead zones or bright spots (see the cyan hot spot in the
top example). oklab is great for perceptually linear gradients that stay
saturated. This feature is a lot of fun as you can try on a few different color
spaces to see which gradient you like best.
Here's a Codepen experimenting with gradients and color spaces, mixing and
matching strategies to explore the possibilities. Even a transition from black
to white is different in each color space!
### Gamut clamping
There exist scenarios where a color may ask for something outside of a gamut.
Consider the following color:
rgb(300 255 255)
The maximum for a color channel in the `rgb` color space is `255`, but here
`300` was specified for red. What happens? Gamut clamping.
Clamping is when extra information is simply removed. `300` becomes `255`
internally to the color engine. The color has now been clamped within its space.
### Choosing a color space
Many folks, after learning about these color spaces and their effects, feel
overwhelmed and want to know which "one" to choose. From my studies and
experience, I don't see one color space as the single one for all my tasks. Each
has moments when they produce the desired outcome.
**If there was one best space, then there wouldn't be so many new spaces being
introduced.**
However, I can say that the CIE spaces---`lab`, `oklab`, `lch` and `oklch`---are my
starting places. If the outcome of them isn't what I'm looking for, then I'll go
test other spaces. For mixing colors and creating gradients, I agree with the
default spec choice of `oklab`. For color systems and overall UI colors, I like
`oklch`.
Here are a couple articles where folks have shared their updated color
strategies given these new color spaces and features. For example, Andrey Sitnik
has gone all in on `oklch`, maybe they'll convince you to do the same:
1. [OKLCH in CSS: why we moved from RGB and HSL](https://evilmartians.com/chronicles/oklch-in-css-why-quit-rgb-hsl) by [Andrey Sitnik](https://twitter.com/sitnikcode)
2. [Color Formats](https://www.joshwcomeau.com/css/color-formats/#picking-the-right-color-format) by [Josh W. Comeau](https://www.joshwcomeau.com/)
3. [OK, OKLCH](https://chriscoyier.net/2023/01/22/ok-oklch-%f0%9f%91%91/) by [Chris Coyier](https://twitter.com/chriscoyier)
## Next steps
Now that you're familiar with the new color spaces and tools, you can
[migrate to HD color](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/migrate-hd-color).
More vibrance, consistent manipulations and interpolations and overall deliver a
more colorful experience to your users.
Read more [color resources](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/css-ui/high-definition-css-color-guide#resources)
from the guide.